Method and apparatus for administering live bacteria as feed additives to livestock and poultry

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for preparing at a livestock feedlot a concentrated suspension of anaerobic bacteria at a known, accurate concentration and for storing the prepared suspension for prolonged periods at the feedlot in a ready-to-use condition without significant loss of viability, allowing feedlot operators to conveniently administer such bacterial supplements to large numbers of livestock as a probiotic on a regular basis in accurate dosages. The apparatus comprises an insulated liquid-holding vessel cooled by a refrigeration means, and mixing and recirculation means to ensure temperature and concentration homogeneity of the bacterial suspension. The vessel and contents are gravimetrically monitored to ensure accuracy of bacterial concentration. In each of several embodiments, at time of intended use, a preselected mass or volume of bacterial liquid suspension is dispensed on demand from the vessel into a separate mixing tank for further accurate dilution and for addition of other microingredients to the suspension, as required, immediately before adding to and mixing with a known mass or volume of animal feed. The apparatus can be used with or without a separate microingredient weighing or volumetric metering system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the administering of live, probioticanaerobic bacteria to livestock. More particularly, it relates to amethod and apparatus for preparing, containing and preserving theviability of an aqueous suspension of said bacteria as a concentrated,homogeneous suspension under controlled-temperature conditions at afeedlot location until time for addition of a diluted portion thereof toanimal feed, whereby said bacteria can be regularly administered tolarge umbers of animals in an efficient manner.

2. General Discussion of the Background

It has long been a common practice to administer chemical additives tocattle and other livestock to supplement feed rations, thereby providinga balanced diet, protecting the animals from disease, and stimulatinggrowth. Such additive supplements, commonly termed microingredients,usually should be administered to each animal on a regular basis incarefully controlled dosages to ensure optimal benefit. Individualdosages are typically small due to the high potency of microingredients.

A number of methods and apparatuses have been devised for accuratelydispensing, at the feedlot, separately stored livestock feed additivechemical concentrates into a volume of fluent carrier material, such aswater, for dilution, dispersion, and suspension, and for transportingthe resulting slurry into livestock drinking water or feed rationsshortly before the time of intended consumption. These methods andapparatuses are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,437,075; 3,498,311;3,670,923; 3,806,001; 3,822,056; and 4,733,971, the disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

Additive supplements can also include specific live microorganisms. Forexample, administration of certain live probiotic bacteria can helprestore optimal intestinal flora in animals such as cattle, especiallyafter stressful situations such as transport to a feedlot. Gedek, B.,"Probiotics in Animal Feeding--Effects on Performance and AnimalHealth", Feed Magazine, Nov., 1987. With regular administration,probiotic bacteria also increase nutrient absorption efficiency and helpcontrol the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in theanimals'digestive tracts that could otherwise cause disease conditionsadversely affecting rates of animal development and weight gain. Abacterial species commonly administered to cattle for such purposes isLactobacillus acidophilus, an anaerobic, lactic acid producer.Klaenhammer, T. R. (1982) "Microbiological Considerations in Selectionand Preparation of Lactobacillus Strains for Use as Dietary Adjuncts",J. Dairy Sci. 65: 1339-1349. An example of such a product is "Cobactin",a lyophilized L. acidophilus formulation from BiotechniquesLaboratories, Inc., Redmond, Washington.

Anaerobic bacteria are adversely sensitive to environmental influencessuch as oxygen, moisture, temperature extremes, and many chemicals.Until recently, the bacteria were mixed with dry, diluting fillermaterial and other additive supplements as a premix. However, animalweight-gain results obtained with such bacteria-containing premixes wereinconsistent because large numbers of bacteria died in the premix beforeaddition to feed due to improper formulation, packaging and storage ofthe premix. At least one manufacturer of bacterial supplements haspartially overcome these problems by lyophilizing the bacteria in theabsence of chemical microingredients and packaging the dry bacteria inhermetically sealed packets under an inert, arid atmosphere such as drynitrogen. These advances greatly extend the shelf-life of commerciallypackaged anaerobic bacterial formulations. However, even properlypackaged anaerobic bacteria become labile due to contact with air andmoisture the moment the package is opened. Therefore, such packagingstill does not solve the problem of maintaining the bacteria in a livestate and delivering them to large numbers of animals in proper dosagesafter the package is opened. Without some means of extending viability,anaerobic bacteria from an opened package must be properly diluted andpresented to the animals within a very short time after opening thepackage, which is time prohibitive and impractical in large feedlots.Hence, there is still a need for a method and apparatus for preservingbacteria, after opening the package, in a ready-to-use viable conditionat a known concentration that can be delivered at the correct dosagesefficiently on a regular basis to large numbers of animals.

There are several known methods used to administer bacteria from a dryconcentrate to animals, but the existing methods have significantdrawbacks. One known method is to rehydrate the dry bacteria in diluteaqueous suspension and administer the suspension orally via drenching.However, drenching is so cumbersome and time-prohibitive that it isusually only performed during times of critical need, such asimmediately after the animals arrive at the feedlot or when an animal isobviously sick.

A second known method is to manually sprinkle dried bacteria onto animalfeed in the feed bunks, which is time-prohibitive in large feedlots.Also, to attain more uniform distribution, appreciable predilution ofthe concentrated bacteria with dry filler material is required, whichcauses appreciable loss of bacterial viability resulting from contactwith concentrated substances. Furthermore, it is practically impossiblevia this method to ensure that each animal receives a correct andconsistent dose when many animals feed from the same bunk.

A third known method is to mix the dry bacteria with feed beforedistribution to the feed bunks. This method is undesirable becausehomogeneity of such a mixture is very difficult to attain and becauselarge numbers of bacteria are killed by the time the mixture ispresented to the animals.

Accordingly, there remains no known practical method or apparatus foraccurately administering regular, small dosages of probiotic bacteria tolivestock on a large scale, despite the need for such a method andapparatus.

Heretofore, the aforementioned methods and apparatuses for regularlyadministering chemical microingredients in small, accurate dosages tolivestock on a large scale in a liquid carrier slurry through their feedrations have been thought to be inapplicable to live, anaerobic bacteriaof the class described because of the lack of any method or means forstoring the bacterial additive in a form that would maintain theviability of the bacteria and yet be usable in such prior methods andapparatuses. More specifically, to be applicable to such prior methodsand apparatuses, the live bacteria would need to be stored for prolongedperiods of time in dry particulate or liquid form in a known, constantconcentration at a feedlot for immediate dispensing by weight or volume,on demand. As a result, despite general knowledge of the benefits ofregular administration of probiotics to certain livestock, feedlotoperators have not done so because of inadequate methods and lack of asuitable apparatus.

Hence, there is a need for a method and apparatus for: (a) preparing andstoring at the feedlot a homogeneous volume of bacterial material, atknown concentration and ready for on-demand use, where the bacteria arepreserved in a viable state until immediately before presentation to theanimals and in a form conducive to accurate dispensing by weight orvolume; and (b) feeding the bacterial in a live condition to largenumbers of livestock on a regular basis such that each animal receives acorrect dosage of live bacteria, preferably mixed with its feed, andwith other microingredients as required.

Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide amethod and apparatus for delivering a known dosage of desired livebacteria mixed with animal feed to large numbers of livestock foringestion on a regular basis.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus forpreserving and storing at a feedlot location a known concentration of aliquid suspension of desired bacteria in live form for prolonged periodsin a condition for immediate, on-demand use for administration toanimals.

Another primary object is to provide a method and compact apparatus forpreparing and storing a concentrated volume of aqueous liquid suspensionof live, probiotic bacteria at known concentration at an animal feedlotlocation, and for preserving said bacteria in a viable condition at aknown, stable concentration until time for adding a known mass or volumethereof to animal feed.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus as aforesaidfor preparing and storing a concentrated volume of aqueous, liquidsuspension of live probiotic bacteria and for preserving said bacteriain a viable condition at a known, stable concentration until time forremoving a known mass or volume thereof for further dilution andaddition of other microingredients before adding to a known mass orvolume of animal feed.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus fordelivering said concentrated bacterial liquid suspension to agravimetric or volumetric measuring device to accurately dispense apreselected mass or volume, respectively, of the concentrated bacterialliquid suspension to a known mass or volume of aqueous liquid containingother microingredient additives, which is subsequently added to a knownmass of livestock feed ration just before the feed ration is presentedto the animals for consumption.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus forpreparing and storing a concentrated volume of aqueous, liquidsuspension of live probiotic bacterial and for preserving said bacteriain a viable condition at a known, stable concentration until time forremoving a known mass or volume thereof for further dilution andaddition of other microingredients before therapeutically administeringto animals via other methods such as drenching.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus as aforesaidthat adjust the temperature of the concentrated bacterial liquidsuspension to within a preselected range for optimal bacterial survivalin a viable condition at a known, stable concentration and regulate saidtemperature within that range uniformly throughout the volume ofconcentrated bacterial liquid suspension.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus thatinsulate the concentrated bacterial liquid suspension contained withinsaid apparatus from changes in ambient temperature.

Another primary object is to provide a method and apparatus as aforesaidthat keep the concentrated bacterial liquid suspension contained thereinuniform with respect to concentration of bacteria.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The aforementioned objects are achieved by a storage and preservationmethod and apparatus for preparing and containing at the feedlot avolume of concentrated bacterial liquid suspension in a knownconcentration and preserving the suspended live bacteria in a viablestate under controlled conditions until time for adding a known mass orvolume thereof to animal feed. The bacteria are typically of a strainconferring a probiotic benefit to the type and breed of livestock thatwill ingest the bacteria, and are administered in precise live dosagesto the livestock for an increased rate of weight gain, enhancedresistance to disease, and other beneficial purposes. The concentratedliquid suspension of bacteria is controllably delivered from the storageapparatus to a gravimetric or volumetric measuring device (such as thatdisclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971) where the suspension iscontrollably dispensed, metered or weighed, and subsequently deliveredat predetermined rates or weights to and mixed homogeneously with aliquid aqueous carrier into which other dry particulate and liquidadditive concentrates may also be delivered in predetermined quantitiesand concentrations. The resulting dilute suspension is then deliveredinto and mixed with feed ration shortly before presentation to theanimals for consumption.

The present invention makes possible for the first time the simultaneousadministration of accurate dosages of live bacteria to large numbers oflivestock animals on a regular basis for probiotic, therapeutic, orother purposes. Heretofore, there has been no practical method or meansto prepare at the feedlot a suspension of live bacteria prior to time ofanticipated use and to maintain the viability of the bacteria while in aready-to-use state.

In a preferred embodiment as shown and described, the desired volume ofconcentrated bacterial liquid suspension is contained in a thermallyinsulated vessel. A gravimetric scale or other weigh means monitors thecombined weight of the vessel and its liquid contents, and ensures thatthe vessel is filled precisely with a preselected mass of aqueouscarrier medium. A refrigeration means cools the bacterial liquidsuspension to within a desired range, and maintains the temperaturethereof within that range. An electronically controlled mixing meansagitates the bacterial liquid suspension contained in the vessel tofacilitate dispersion of bacteria in the aqueous carrier medium and tomaintain temperature uniformity. The apparatus includes anelectronically controlled means for recirculating the bacterial liquidsuspension to maintain temperature and concentration homogeneity of theconcentrated bacterial liquid suspension contained in the vessel andplumbing connected thereto. The vessel is covered to preventenvironmental contamination of the contents and to restrict aircirculation. The cover has a smaller hinged access door to allow fillingof the vessel with aqueous carrier medium and for adding a fresh supplyof dry bacteria. Finally, the apparatus also includes a means forcontrollably dispensing a volume of concentrated bacterial liquidsuspension from the vessel to a separate weighing or volumetricmeasuring means for further controlled dilution of the concentratedbacterial liquid suspension and optional intermixing with otheradditives in a predetermined formulation before addition of the same toanimal feed.

Volumetric or gravimetric dispensing of concentrated bacterial liquidsuspension from the vessel to a hopper or slurry mixing vessel in theseparate metering or weighing system is controlled by a centralprocessing unit. The central processing unit is also electronicallyinterfaced with the separate weighing system according to U.S. Pat. No.4,733,971, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention willbecome more apparent from the following detailed description of apresently preferred embodiment, which proceeds with reference to theaccompanying drawings wherein:

Fig 1 is a side elevational view apparatus in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematic illustrating use of the presentinvention together with a separate weighing system (such as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971) that controllably dispenses microingredientadditives, both liquid and dry, into a mixing tank filled with a knownvolume of water, before mixing the resulting slurry with a known amountof animal feed.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram schematic illustrating use of the presentinvention with a mixing tank filled with a known volume of water, wherea known mass or volume of concentrated bacterial liquid suspension isadded to a known mass or volume of water before being added to and mixedwith animal feed or before being separately administered to animals as aliquid, such as by drenching.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is a novel method and apparatus for preparing andstoring a concentrated liquid suspension of anaerobic bacteria for useas a probiotic that can be accurately administered in regular, smalldosages to livestock on a large scale at a feedlot. In the preferredembodiments, the bacteria are suspended in an aqueous carrier mediumhaving minimal nutrient content to prevent growth or multiplication ofthe bacteria while still sustaining viability of the organisms. Thetemperature of the suspension is maintained sufficiently low to inhibitanabolic or catabolic processes that degrade viability (generally,between 36° F. to 50° F.). The suspension is kept homogeneous withrespect to concentration of bacteria and uniform in temperature. Thevolume of stored bacterial liquid suspension is kept small to avoid thenecessity for large, bulky equipment while containing an adequate supplyof ready-to-use bacteria. For example, a 400-gram packet of driedbacteria, when added to only ten pounds of water, yields a quantity ofbacteria in concentrated suspension sufficient to dose 10,000 head ofcattle at a single feeding. Also, the apparatus is locatable at afeedlot where feed batches can be formulated and prepared immediatelybefore distribution to the animals. Finally, the apparatus of thepresent invention is usable in conjunction with existing apparatusesthat perform an accurate second dilution step just before adding thebacteria to the feed. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971, Idescribe an apparatus wherewith known masses or volumes of chemicaladditives in liquid or dry form are suspended in a known mass or volumeof carrier liquid such as water before addition to animal feed. Additionof a known mass of concentrated bacterial suspension from the apparatusof the present invention to the volume of suspension prepared by theapparatus of my aforesaid patent would achieve sufficient secondarydilution.

General Assembly

With reference to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus showngenerally at 10 for preparing, storing, and preserving a volume of knownconcentration of a concentrated, aqueous suspension of live bacteria tobe used as a daily probiotic supplement for livestock. Apparatus 10comprises a number of major components, including a liquid-holding meansor vessel 20 with access means 90; an agitating means including anelectrically driven mixer 80, electrically driven pump 40, andelectrically actuated valve 30; a temperature control means including athermostat 70, refrigeration means 50, and insulation means 110; aweighing means 60; a liquid-level detection means 170; and a deliverymeans including an electrically driven pump 40, electrically actuatedvalves 30 and 120, and control means 100. Control means 100 includes acentral processing unit (CPU) 140 and cycle timer 130.

Frame and Subframe

Referring further to FIG. 1, apparatus 10 comprises basically two framestructures: subframe 150 and frame 160, together with componentssupported thereby. Subframe 150 is situated beneath frame 160 andsupports pump 40 and weighing means 60, the latter comprising generallygravimetric scale 61 which measures the weight of objects resting on itsloading pan 62. Frame 160 rests directly on loading pan 62 and supportsgenerally refrigeration means 50, vessel 20, valve 30, exterior sidepanels 151, top cover 152, access means 90, mixer 80, thermostat 70,liquid-level detection means 170, insulation 110, cycle timer 130, andmotor speed controller 84.

Liquid-Holding Vessel and Surrounding Components

Vessel 20 is typically cylindrical with its lower end 21 shaped like aninverted cone to facilitate complete draining of liquid containedtherein. Vessel 20 is typically constructed of stainless steel. However,it may be made from any other suitable material that does not corrode,contribute toxic substances to contacting aqueous liquids, ordeteriorate from prolonged contact with aqueous solutions of the typesanticipated during use, and that has acceptable thermal and mechanicalcharacteristics. The volume of vessel 20 is preferably within the rangeof three to five gallons, but other capacities are also possible and arewithin the scope of the present invention.

Vessel 20 is mounted vertically inside and at the uppermost portion offrame 160, with the conical portion 21 pointed downward. The apex ofconical portion 21 has a round opening 22 to which is connected pipeelbow 23. The upper end of vessel 20 is covered with horizontal panel orcover 152 which has opening 153 externally enclosed by access means 90.Helically wrapped around the exterior of vessel 20 are evaporator coils51 which comprise part of refrigeration means 50. In the preferredembodiment, the evaporator coils are in intimate contact with theexterior wall of vessel 20, such as by brazing or other suitableprocess. Insulation means 110, which may be liquid or suitable solidmaterial, surrounds vessel 20 and evaporator coils 51. Exterior sidepanels 151, attached to appropriate members of frame 160, together withcover 152 and access means 90, complete the encapsulation of vessel 20.

Access means 90 comprises vertical panels 91, hinged lid 93, and handle92. Hinged lid 93 normally remains in the closed position. Hinged lid 93may be opened (94) to gain access to the interior of vessel 20 foradding a fresh supply of aqueous carrier liquid or of dried bacteriafrom a commercial packet 95, or for cleaning or inspecting the interioror contents 23 of vessel 20.

Mixer

Mixer 80 comprises electrically driven motor 81 mounted vertically atopcover 152, shaft 82 rigidly attached axially to the rotor of motor 81,mixing blade 83 rigidly attached to the distal end of shaft 82, andelectronic motor speed control 84 electrically connected via cable 86 tomotor 81. Shaft 82 is sufficiently long to ensure that mixing blade 83is submerged whenever a threshold volume of liquid is contained invessel 20.

Electronic motor speed controller 84 includes controls 87, 88 and 89 foradjusting various present angular velocities of mixing blade 83, asdriven by motor 81, and manual control switch 85 for turning motor 81 onto rotate mixing blade 83 continuously at a particular preset angularvelocity, as required. Motor speed controller 84 is also electricallyinterconnected with refrigeration means 50 (and thermostat means 70) viacable 55.

Weigh Means

Weighing means 60 is comprised generally of an electronic or mechanicalgravimetric scale 61 mounted to the upper surface of subframe 150. (Anelectronic scale employing an electronic load cell for mass sensing maybe less sensitive to environmental interferences such as liquid spills,dust, and mechanical vibration and shock, as well as more reliable, thanmechanical beam-type or other scale means. However, either type willsuffice.) Weighing means 60 may include a means by which the operatorcan input various gravimetric data such as "zeroing" the tare weight ofthat portion of apparatus 10 supported by scale 61, and setpointscorresponding to an "empty" or "full" status of vessel 20.

Temperature Control Means

The temperature control means is comprised generally of refrigerationmeans 50, thermostat means 70, and insulating means 110.

Refrigeration means 50 is of conventional design. It is mounted to frame160, beneath vessel 20. Refrigeration means 50 consists generally of acompressor 52, condensor 53, receiver tank 54, and other necessarycomponents. It includes evaporator coils 51 wrapped helically around theexterior of vessel 20. Evaporator coils 51 are filled with a suitablerefrigerant and are appropriately hydraulically connected to compressor52, condensor 53, receiver tank 54, and other components ofrefrigeration means 50.

Insulation means 110 in the preferred embodiment is comprised of anymaterial suitable for use as a thermal insulator of vessel 20 and itscontents 23, such as fibrous or foam material, when appropriatelyapplied circumferentially around vessel 20 and evaporator coils 51.

In a second embodiment (not shown), insulation means 110 comprises asealed, fluid-filled space between the exterior wall of vessel 20 and asecond, wall-forming sheet of similar material conforming to the outsidewall of vessel 20 and enclosing evaporator coils 51. In such a secondembodiment, the space between the outside wall of vessel 20 and theinside wall of the conforming sheet is filled with a thermallyabsorptive liquid material such as propylene glycol. The evaporatorcoils in this second embodiment may be either in intimate contact withthe outside wall of vessel 20 or suspended freely within saidfluid-filled space. The outside wall of the conforming sheet mayoptionally be blanketed with fibrous or foam material as in thepreferred embodiment for additional thermal insulation.

Thermostat means 70, mounted to cover 152, comprises a sealed probe 71which extends vertically downward through an opening in cover 152 intovessel 20 such that the distal end of probe 71 is immersed in the liquidcontents 23 of vessel 20 at an appropriate depth. Inside sealed probe 71is a temperature-sensing element 72. Electrical switch 72 withappropriate supporting electronic circuitry is electrically connected totemperature-sensing element 72 via cable 75, and to refrigeration means50 via cable 74. Electrical switch 73 is mounted to frame 160.

Liquid Level Detection Means

Liquid level detection means 170, mounted to cover 152, comprises aprobe 171 extending vertically downward through an opening in cover 152into vessel 20 such that the distal end of probe 171 is immersed in theliquid contents 23 of vessel 20 at an appropriate depth. Inside probe171 is any suitable switching device 172 that actuates when in contactwith a contiguous volume of liquid, such as a conductivity cell, floatswitch, tilt switch, photo-optical device, or other suitable device thatwill trigger an electrical signal whenever the volume of liquid 23 invessel 20 drops below a certain minimum level. Liquid level detectionmeans 170 is electrically connected to alarm 74 via cable 173. Alarm 174can be audio, visual, or other suitable alarm means, or a combinationthereof.

Hydraulic Interconnection

Apparatus 10 is hydraulically plumbed as follows: Elbow 23 is connectedto opening 22 on the bottom of vessel 20. The "IN" port 31 ofelectrically actuated, two-way, normally closed valve 30 is connected tothe distal opening of elbow 23. (Valve 30 is preferably a solenoidvalve, but other types of electrically actuated valves can also beused.) The "OUT" port 32 of valve 30 is connected via flexible hydraulicconduit 33 to the "IN" port 41 of electrically actuated pump 40 mountedto subframe 150. The "OUT" port 42 of pump 40 is connected via flexiblehydraulic conduit 43 to the "IN" port 121 of electrically actuatedthree-way valve 120. (Valve 120 is preferably a solenoid valve, butother types of electrically actuated valves can also be used.) Valve 120is mounted to a separate weighing or metering system 200 (such asdescribed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971). To the normally closed "OUT"port 123 of valve 120 is attached an outlet nozzle 124 through which adispensed volume of concentrated bacterial liquid suspension passesprior to further dilution, possible admixture with other microchemicaladditives, and admixture with animal feed. Flexible hydraulic conduit125 is connected to normally open bypass port 122 of valve 120. Thedistal end of flexible hydraulic conduit 125 is connected to outletnozzle 127, which passes vertically through cover 152 at opening 126.

Control Means

Cycle timer 130 is any suitable electrically-driven clock- ortimer-switch mounted to frame 160. It is electrically connected to pump40 via cable 132, to valve 30 via cable 133, and to electronic motorspeed controller 84 via cable 131. Cycle timer 130 comprises asufficient number and type of relays or similar switching means actuatedby an internal programmable clock-timer to turn on and off valve 30,pump 40 and motor 81.

Central processing unit (CPU) 140 is any suitable programmablemicrocomputer with keyboard and display, typically mounted separatelyfrom apparatus 10. CPU 140 is electrically connected to pump 40 via pumpdriven circuit 142 and cable 141 and to valve 120 via valve drivecircuit 144 and cable 143. Pump drive circuit 142 and valve drivecircuit 144 are suitable electronic switching devices that, uponreceiving a logic signal from CPU 140, deliver sufficient electricalcurrent at proper voltage to operate pump 40 and valve 120,respectively. CPU 140 is typically employed when apparatus 10 is usedtogether with separate weighing and metering means 200, such as that inU.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971, where CPU 140 is the same device as shown asitem 20. When apparatus 10 is used alone, functions performed by CPU 140can alternatively be performed by a cycle timer or process controller.However, CPU 140 can also be used in the latter instance for monitoringmass measurements determined by scale 61, allowing the operator to "keyin" a desired mass of bacterial liquid suspension to be dispensed fromvessel 20 (represented by a loss of mass as measured by scale 61 duringdispensation) and allowing CPU 140 to automatically control theactuation of valves and pump until precisely the desired mass isdispensed.

Operation

Vessel 20 contains the volume of concentrated bacterial liquidsuspension 23 during preparation and storage thereof. In one embodiment,filling vessel 20 is accomplished by opening hinged door 93 and pouringin the desired mass of aqueous carrier medium, such as water, asmeasured by gravimetric scale 61. The contents of a commercial package95 of lyophilized bacteria of the desired strain are added to the liquidin vessel 20. After filling, hinged door 93 is kept in the closedposition. For example, a 400-gram packet of lyophilized bacteria, suchas "Cobactin" from Biotechniques Laboratories, Inc., Redmond, Wash.,when added to ten gallons of water, yields 10,000 single-animal dosesfor cattle.

Alternatively, vessel 20 may be controllably filled with aqueous carriermedium such as water through appropriate valves and plumbing connectedto a supply of said medium and entering vessel 20 at a convenientlocation, such as through cover 152 or from the bottom (not shown).

In either embodiment above, gravimetric scale 61 informs the operatorwhen vessel 20 has been filled with the correct mass of liquid, such asa fresh supply of aqueous carrier medium before a known mass of bacteriais added thereto. The "tare" weight is the mass of all components ofapparatus 10, including "empty" vessel 20, that are mounted to frame 160which rests on loading pan 62. An "empty" vessel 20 may simply have asubthreshold low volume of liquid remaining in it. The "full" weight isequal to the "tare" weight plus the desired mass of liquid contained invessel 20 and plumbing connected thereto.

Refrigeration means 50 chills the liquid contents of vessel 20 to atemperature preselected by the operator and sensed by thermostat 70(generally between 36 and 50° F). Thermostat 70 provides the electricalthermal feedback signal via switch 73 and other appropriate electroniccircuitry to refrigeration means 50, energizing compressor 52 wheneverthe temperature of the liquid contained in vessel 20 rises above anoperator-preset upper temperature limit, and de-energizing compressor 52whenever said temperature drops below an operator-preset lowertemperature limit. Operator-setting of upper and lower temperaturelimits may be accomplished via manually adjusting thermostat setpointsat switch 73.

Mixer 80 periodically agitates the concentrated bacterial liquidsuspension during storage in vessel 20 to ensure temperature uniformitythereof and to ensure bacterial concentration uniformity. Mixer 80 isalso run whenever a fresh batch of concentrated bacterial suspension isbeing prepared and whenever a portion of the contained volume ofconcentration bacterial liquid suspension is being dispensed from vessel20.

The angular velocity of the rotor of mixer motor 81 is governed by motorspeed controller 84. Motor 81 runs at a fast speed, as manually presetby control 87, whenever the operator is adding dried bacteria 95 to theliquid contained in vessel 20, to facilitate dispersion. (The operatorturns manual control switch 85 on to activate the fast mixing speed.Switch 85 is kept in the off position during all other times.) Motor 81periodically runs at a medium speed as manually preset by control 88,during storage of concentrated bacterial liquid suspension in vessel 20,to ensure temperature and bacterial concentration uniformity throughoutthe volume of liquid. A typical period is one minute running everyfifteen minutes, as triggered by cycle timer 130 electrically connectedto motor speed controller 84 via cable 131. Motor 81 also runs at amedium speed whenever liquid is being dispensed from vessel 20. Motor 81runs at a slow speed, as manually preset by control 89, wheneverrefrigeration means 50 is running, to prevent localized freezing of theconcentrated bacterial liquid suspension against the walls of vessel 20.

Valves 30 and 120 and pump 40, in combination, drain vessel 20 andrecirculate the concentrated bacterial liquid suspension 23 to ensureuniformity of temperature a concentration thereof. Valve 30 and pump 40are energized simultaneously, allowing flow of liquid from vessel means20 through flexible hydraulic conduits 33 and 43. When valve 30 and pump40 are energized, but valve 120 is de-energized, liquid from vessel 20is pumped from opening 22 through valve 30, conduit 33, pump 40, conduit43, valve 120 to bypass port 122, through flexible hydraulic conduit125, and exiting outlet nozzle 127 back into vessel 20, therebyeffecting recirculation of the liquid contents of vessel 20.

When valves 30 and 120 and pump 40 are simultaneously energized, liquidfrom vessel 20 is pumped from opening 22, through valve 30, conduit 33,pump 40, conduit 43, valve 120 to "OUT" port 123, and exiting nozzle124, thereby effecting dispensation of concentrated bacterial liquidsuspension from vessel 20. Because valve 120 is utilized for bothdispensing and recirculation functions, as described above,recirculation and dispensation cannot occur simultaneously.

Switched electrical power from cycle timer 130 simultaneously energizespump 40 and valve 30 for recirculating the contents of vessel 20. Theoperator presets the durations of energization and non-energization oncycle timer 130, such as a one-minute energization every fifteenminutes.

Simultaneous energization of valves 30 and 120, and of pump 40, fordispensing a portion of the concentrated bacterial liquid suspensionfrom vessel 20 is effected by an electrical signal from CPU 140. If thepresent apparatus is used in conjunction with a separate weighing and/ormetering system 200 (as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971), CPU 140 is alsoelectrically interfaced with the scale means 217 (FIG. 1), and possiblyother components of system 200, to achieve an integrated system for feedformulation, preparation and delivery. Alternatively, if the apparatusof the present invention is used alone, simultaneous energization ofvalves 30 and 120 and pump 40 may be effected by a simpler processcontroller than a microprocessor, such as a relay or analogous switchingdevice.

FIG. 2 Embodiment

In one embodiment, as shown partially in FIG. 1 and schematically inFIG. 2, concentrated bacterial liquid suspension 23 from apparatus 10exits nozzle 124 upon simultaneous energization of pump 40 and valves 30and 120 into a weighing or volumetric metering hopper 207 of separateweighing system 200. Hopper 207 is typically partitioned into separatechambers, one for each of the other microingredients controllablydispensed therein from microingredient containers 201, 202 and 203through valves 204, 205 and 206, respectively. Alternatively, multiplehoppers can be used. Hopper 207 can either be rotatably tipped to emptyits contents (not shown), or the contents can be dumped through a bottomdoor or drained through valves 208 (one valve 208 for each chamber ofhopper 207). Hopper 207 empties into mix tank 211 which has beenprefilled with a known volume or mass of carrier water through valve216, thereby creating a dilute microingredient suspension of knownconcentration. The dilute suspension is agitated with mixer 215 toachieve a uniform mixture, then drained using pump 212 into feed truck213 which has been prefilled with a known mass or volume of animal feedfrom bin 209 through valve 210. As the dilute microingredient suspensionis added to the feed in truck 213, the feed is tumbled or otherwiseagitated to ensure uniform distribution of suspension throughout thefeed. Afterward, the feed is delivered to feed bunks 214 forpresentation to the animals.

In the FIG. 2 embodiment, the concentrated liquid suspension of livebacteria simply becomes one of several microingredients available forformulation with other microingredients, upon demand, and selected by afeed truck operator through a remote control terminal (not shown) of CPU140, adjacent to feed truck 213. That is, the system of FIG. 2 operatesessentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,971.

FIG. 3 Embodiment

In a second embodiment, as shown schematically in FIG. 3, concentratedbacterial liquid suspension 23 from apparatus 10, on demand, exitsnozzle 124 directly into mix tank 211 prefilled with a known volume ormass of water through valve 216. In this second embodiment, no separateweighing or volumetric metering system is used. Instead, gravimetricscale 61 is used to monitor the dispensation of liquid from vessel 20(as net weight loss). The addition of a known mass of concentratedbacterial suspension 23 to a known mass or volume of water in mix tank211 creates a dilute suspension of bacteria at a known, proper dilution.The dilute suspension is agitated with mixer 215 to achieve a uniformmixture, then drained using pump 212 into feed truck 213 which has beenprefilled with a known mass or volume of animal feed from bin 209through valve 210. As the dilute bacterial suspension is added to thefeed in truck 213, the feed is tumbled or otherwise agitated to ensureuniform distribution of suspension throughout the feed. Afterward, thefeed is delivered to feed bunks 214 for presentation to the animals.

The second embodiment shown in FIG. 3 can also be used to prepare adilute bacterial suspension for purposes other than adding to animalfeed. For example, the dilute suspension in mix tank 211 can beconducted to a drenching apparatus for direct oral administration oftherapeutic dosages to animals.

In either of the above first and second embodiments, the entire process,from dispensing concentrated bacterial liquid suspension from apparatus10 to presentation to the animals for consumption, need consume only afew minutes, which is a sufficiently short amount of time that nosignificant bacterial death occurs.

The concentration and volume of dilute bacterial suspension contained inmix tank 211 can be carefully tailored to ensure that the entire amountof feed to which the dilute bacterial suspension is added is uniformlycoated with bacteria without wasting excess liquid. Further, theconcentration of bacteria in the dilute suspension contained in mix tank211 can be carefully tailored to such variables as the total mass orvolume of feed, average feed granule size, particle density, and surfacearea, and amount of feed normally consumed by each animal at a singlefeeding, to optimize the bacterial dosage each animal receives at afeeding.

Both the system of FIG. 2 and that of FIG. 3 are capable of deliveringsmall, accurate dosages of live bacteria in liquid suspension on aregular basis and on demand to large numbers of livestock, such ascattle in commercial feedlots, when the concentrated suspension is firstdiluted with an aqueous liquid carrier and then intermixed with theanimals'feed rations.

Having illustrated and described the principles of the invention in aprincipal and several alternative embodiments, it should be apparent tothose skilled in the art that the invention can be modified inarrangement and detail without departing from such principles.

I claim:
 1. A method for delivering temperature-sensitive probioticbacteria in a live condition into a potentially large number of domesticanimals as a means of increasing nutrient absorption efficiency andcontrolling the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the digestivetracts of such animals, such method comprising:depositing the bacteriain an aqueous liquid, suspending the bacteria in the liquid to form aconcentrated aqueous suspension of the bacteria, controlling thetemperature of the concentrated suspension to maintain said temperaturewithin a range that will maintain the bacteria in a viable conditionwithout promoting bacteria growth or multiplication, while providing asubstantially uniform suspension of the bacteria therein, delivering ondemand at least a portion of the concentrated suspension into an aqueouscarrier liquid to form a dilute suspension of the bacteria, deliveringthe dilute suspension into a feed ration for the animals, dispersing thedilute suspension in the feed ration, and delivering the feed rationcontaining the dispersed dilute suspension therein to the animals forconsumption.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the bacteria aredeposited in the aqueous liquid from an arid and substantiallyoxygen-free storage environment.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein thebacteria in the storage environment are lyophilized.
 4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the bacteria are of the species Lactobacillusacidophilus.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the temperature of theconcentrated aqueous suspension of the bacteria is maintained in a rangefrom about just about 32° F. to about 50° F.
 6. A method according toclaim 1 wherein the temperature of the concentrated aqueous suspensionis controlled by at least intermittently refrigerating the suspension.7. The method of claim 6 including the step of at least intermittentlyagitating the suspension when refrigerating the suspension to preventthe suspension from freezing.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein theaqueous liquid is agitated while depositing the bacteria therein.
 9. Themethod of claim 1 wherein a substantially uniform suspension of thebacteria in the concentrated aqueous suspension is provided by at leastintermittently agitating the suspension.
 10. The method of claim 1including the step of agitating the dilute aqueous suspension of thebacteria to achieve a uniform concentration of the bacteria in thesuspension before the dilute aqueous suspension is delivered to theanimals'feed.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein a known amount ofbacteria is deposited in a known amount of aqueous liquid to form aconcentrated aqueous suspension of bacterial having a knownconcentration.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein a measured amount ofthe concentrated aqueous suspensions of bacteria is delivered to a knownamount of aqueous carrier liquid and the resulting dilute aqueoussuspension of bacterial is delivered to a known amount of theanimals'feed.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the measured amount isobtained by weighing.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the measuredamount is obtained by metering on a volumetric basis.
 15. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the measured amount is obtained by a combination ofweighing and volumetric metering.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein thesteps of delivering the concentrated aqueous suspension of bacteria tothe aqueous carrier liquid, delivering the resulting dilute aqueoussuspension of the bacteria to the animals'feed ration, and dispersingthe dilute suspension in the feed ration are performed just before thefeed ration is presented to the animals.
 17. The method of claim 1wherein the dilute aqueous suspension of bacterial is substantiallyuniformly dispersed through the feed ration before the feed is presentedto the animals for consumption.
 18. The method of claim 1 whereinprobiotic bacterial are added to the animals'feed just before eachfeeding of the animals.
 19. A method of dosing a population of animalsen masse with live probiotic bacteria as a means of enhancing the rateof weight gain of the population, such method comprising:depositing aknown amount of the bacteria in a measured amount of aqueous liquid,suspending the bacteria in the liquid to form a concentrated aqueoussolution of the bacteria having a known concentration, controlling thetemperature of the concentrated aqueous suspension within a non-freezingtemperature range that inhibits growth and multiplication of thebacteria without killing the bacteria, while providing a substantiallyuniform suspension of the bacteria therein, delivering on demand a knownamount of the concentrated suspension into an aqueous carrier liquid toform a dilute aqueous suspension of the bacteria having a knownconcentration, mixing the dilute suspension with a known amount ofanimal feed before presentation of the feed to the animals foringestion.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein probiotic bacteria areadded to the feed ration of the population of animals with a frequencysuitable for achieving the desired rate of weight gain of thepopulation.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the population of animalsis dosed with bacteria at each feeding of the population.
 22. The methodof claim 19 wherein the steps of delivering a known amount of theconcentrated suspension into an aqueous carrier liquid and admixing theresulting dilute aqueous suspension of the bacteria with the animal'sfeed ration are performed just before the feed is presented to theanimals.
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein the dilute aqueoussuspension of the bacteria is substantially uniformly admixed with theanimals'feed just before the feed is presented to the animals foringestion.
 24. The method of claim 19 wherein the aqueous carrier liquidalso contains other microingredient feed additives.
 25. The method ofclaim 19 wherein the bacteria are of the species Lactobacillusacidophilus.
 26. A method of maintaining probiotic bacteria at an animalfeedlot in a ready-to-administer condition for administration en masseto a large population of animals at the feedlot, the methodcomprising:depositing the bacterial in dry form in an aqueous liquid,suspending the bacterial in the liquid to form a concentrated aqueoussuspension of the bacteria, controlling the temperature of theconcentrated suspension within a non-freezing temperature range thatinhibits growth and multiplication of the bacteria in the liquid withoutkilling the bacteria.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the bacteriadeposited in the aqueous liquid are lyophilized.
 28. The method of claim26 wherein a known amount of dried bacteria is deposited and suspendedin a known amount of aqueous liquid, thereby forming a suspension of thebacteria having a known concentration.
 29. The method of claim 26wherein the temperature of the suspension is controlled by at leastintermittently refrigerating the suspension.
 30. The method of claim 27including the step of agitating the suspension when refrigerating thesuspension to prevent freezing the suspension.
 31. The method of claim26 including the step of at least intermittently agitating thesuspension to maintain concentration uniformity of the suspension.